The effects of maternal obesity and highfat diet in mice are similar to those in humans. Beginning with a tour of epigenetic processes in the human body, the book assembles current theoretical and empirical developments across the discipline, among them transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, the effects of maternal nutrition on epigenetic change, and possible links between epigenetics and childhood obesity. We hypothesized that mo enhances adipogenic differentiation during fetal development through inducing epigenetic changes in the. Epigenetics research situates the maternal body as a central site of epigenetic programming and transmission, and as a significant locus of medical and public. Obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular and mental health disorders are increasingly recognized as connected with epigenetic.
Maternal diet and nutritional status and risk of obesity. Influence of maternal obesity, diet and exercise on epigenetic regulation of adipocytes article pdf available in molecular aspects of medicine 54 november 2016 with 71 reads how we measure. Cambridge core obstetrics and gynecology, reproductive medicine maternal obesity edited by matthew w. Maternal obesity was positively associated with single motherhood p 0. Using animal models of maternal obesity, changes in fetal phenotype are being characterized.
Maternal obesity andor diabetes through prenatal programming may alter the fetal epigenome increasing the risk of metabolic disease in their offspring. International experts in genetics, epigenetics, computational biology, and physiology discussed the current state of understanding of the relationships between genetics, epigenetics, and environment in diabetes and. Epigenetics is more than a fascinating and fast burgeoning field of biological research. For example, if a mutation is maternal effect recessive, then a female homozygous for the mutation may appear phenotypically normal, however her offspring will show the mutant phenotype, even if they are heterozygous for the mutation. Literature on maternal exposures and the risk of epigenetic changes or diseases in the offspring is growing. Similarly, interventional studies in rodents demonstrate that obesogenic maternal diet, as well as maternal diabetes and obesity, manifests epigenetic and phenotypic alterations in different organs, often in association with genes related to appetite, glycaemic control and lipid biosynthesis. Recent discoveries in epigenetics, reasserting the concept of environmental regulation of. Maternal diet is an important determinant of fetal development, directly or indirectly via maternal obesity. Body mass index bmi measure is calculated to decide obesity.
The american diabetes association convened a research symposium, epigenetics and epigenomics. Maternal obesity influences expression and dna methylation of the. The book mines the existing literature from a variety of disciplines from toxicology to nutrition to epigenetics to reveal how contrasting maternal in utero environmental changes might be leading to epigenetic convergence and the resulting deleterious phenotypic and physiological effects in our offspring. Influence of maternal obesity, diet and exercise on epigenetic.
We focus on paternal effects in mouse, as maternal environment can affect offspring both via epigenetic information in the oocyte, as well as direct impacts on gestating offspring as in, eg, fetal alcohol syndrome. In this paper, we will discuss how genes, epigenetics, and in utero influences affect the development of obesity. Leptin and adiponectin are present at the fetal maternal interface and are involved in the development of a functional placenta. Paternal weight and obesity influences sperm epigenetics. Praderwilli syndrome is an imprinting disorder, which yields striking evidence for epigenetic mechanisms in the etiology of obesity. Maternal blame pervades lay and scientific discourse on childhood obesity epigenetic science suggests that fathers contribute to preconception obesity risk paternal actions influence obesity risk during gestation, e.
Behavioral, metabolic, and epigenetic influences that alter the epigenome, when passed on to offspring, can increase their risk of developing an altered metabolic profile. Maternal and prenatal influences on the offspring, brings easily accessible, cutting edge information to geneticists, pediatricians, endocrinologists, as well as those clinicians and scientists pursuing the complex yet elusive causes of childhood obesity and related disorders. Secondly, maternal obesity in the absence of gestational diabetes was associated with i elevated dna methylation of the leptin promoter on. The effects of maternal obesity continue into adulthood, elevating the risk of cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and high blood pressure 1720. Maternal obesity is a key consideration in the provision of maternity care due to the increasing rates of women presenting with a body mass index bmi. Twothirds of women in the united states are currently overweight or obese at the time of conception 28, 87, 163. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is characterized by covalent modifications to dna and chromatin that alter gene expression independent of gene. A link between maternal and childhood obesity sciencedirect. Maternal obesity induces epigenetic modifications to facilitate zfp423 expression and enhance adipogenic differentiation in fetal mice. To date, there have been hundreds of published studies supporting the association between maternal lifestyles and childrens future risk of obesity. Maternal obesity, diabetes during pregnancy and epigenetic mechanisms that influence the developmental origins of cardiometabolic disease in the offspring. Maternal obesity was also associated with epigenetic changes in leptin and adiponectin systems.
Little is known about the molecular pathways and potential epigenetic changes regulating primate fetal liver responses. Potential epigenetic biomarkers associated with obesity and metabolic health have also emerged from recent studies. Many longitudinal studies have demonstrated an association between maternal prepregnancy adiposity and the risk of overweight and obesity in the offspring. The transgenerational impact of these alterations in methylation patterns are only shown in animal studies. Maternal diet, epigenetics and gut microbiome in development of. The study of the role of epigenetics in obesity and metabolic disease has expanded rapidly in recent years, and evidence is accumulating of a link between epigenetic modifications and metabolic health outcomes in humans.
These findings demonstrate that appropriate maternal dietary nutritional exposure during a crucial time can alter epigenetic activitiesassociated reprogramming processes and disease phenotypes, which may lead to different susceptibilities to diseases in late life such as obesity. Chapter 20 transgenerational epigenetics, paternal obesity, and insulin resistance. Maternal obesity influences expression and dna methylation. A study of epigenetic modifications in the development of obesity is a new and burgeoning field. Obesity before birth maternal and prenatal influences on.
Rogers, 1 junxing zhao, 2 meijun zhu, 2, 3 and min du 1, 2. Cytosine methylation is a key epigenetic modification in vertebrates, acting as a focal point for mechanisms that suppress gene expression. The epigenome and developmental origins of health and. The aims of this study were to determine if maternal obesity or diabetes mellitus during pregnancy results in a change in infant methylation of. Transgenerational epigenetic effects of maternal obesity. Nutrigenetics, epigenetics and gestational diabetes. Epigenetics, the environment, and childrens health across. Obesity influences placental gene expression through dna methylation 26. Epigenetic modification of genes acquired early in life by exposure to environmental factors, may contribute to the later development of obesity in.
In genetics, a maternal effect occurs when the phenotype of an organism is determined by the genotype of its mother. The epigenome and developmental origins of health and disease. To test whether obesityassociated brca1 upregulation is the result of epigenetic. Epigenetic mechanisms presumably explain how metabolic or nutritional status during intrauterine and early postnatal life impacts the risk of chronic diseases.
Pdf influence of maternal obesity, diet and exercise on. Ijms free fulltext maternal obesity alters placental cell cycle. The interaction of maternal dietary factors with earlylife epigenetic mechanism and the gut microbiome in regulation of obesity in adult life. Epigenetic mechanisms of maternal obesity effects on the.
Not surprisingly, the increasing prevalence of obesity in pregnant women has led to the suggestion that maternal obesity alone may be a more significant factor than maternal diabetes in perpetuating. However, evidence also suggests that paternal factors contribute to the inheritance of obesity and obesity related traits, and that children of obese fathers are born with a higher risk of developing metabolic disease later in life, independent of the body weight of their mother. Maternal obesity, diabetes during pregnancy and epigenetic. Paternal effect epigenetics university of massachusetts. Developmental programming and epigenetic regulation of the fetal skeletal development associated with maternal obesity and diet is. Maternal obesity mo increases offspring cardiometabolic disease risk. Can your diet epigenetically shape your childs health. A number of prenatal factors have been identified, including maternal obesity before conception and during pregnancy, and excess gestational weight gain.
Maternal obesity induces epigenetic modifications to. Implications for diabetes and obesity on 1719 november 2017. Recent developments on the role of epigenetics in obesity. Altered fetal liver development in response to the challenge of mo has metabolic consequences underlying adverse offspring life. Maternal obesity andor diabetes through prenatal programming may alter the fetal epigenome increasing the risk of metabolic disease in their. Maternal obesity, fuel switching, and its consequences for fetal nutrient supply. Epigenetic mechanisms link maternal diets and gut microbiome to. Finally, perspectives of maternal epigenetic inheritance are addressed.
Maternal obesity and diabetes induces latent metabolic defects and. Overnutrition, obesity, and the rise in associated comorbidities are widely recognized as preventable challenges to global health. Zfp423 is the key transcription factor committing cells to the adipogenic lineage, with exceptionally dense cpg sites in its promoter. Furthermore, it was recently reported that maternal obesity has a significant impact on placental development. Hispanic americans are particularly at risk for obesity, diabetes, and endstage renal disease. However, further research is needed to determine which efforts are effective at decreasing the incidence of obesity and to develop new methods of prevention.
Highfat diet and maternal obesityassociated epigenetic. Epigenetic modifications include histone methylation and acetylation, which, in turn, may facilitate differential dna methylation and alter gene. Maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, and excess maternal weight. Maternal obesity mo predisposes offspring to obesity and type 2 diabetes despite poorly defined mechanisms. Handbook of nutrition, diet, and epigenetics springerlink.
Primate fetal hepatic responses to maternal obesity. For instance, potential associations between birth weight and parental obesity were excluded by chi square tests or fisher exact tests. These include the noncommunicable diseases related to the metabolic syndrome. It is well established that obesity is associated with dysregulation of the ratio between the two major adipokines leptin and adiponectin. Developmental programming and epigenetic regulation of the fetal skeletal development associated with maternal obesity and diet is understudied. Maternal overfeeding and excessive adiposity have been linked in several studies to increased risk of obesity. Several studies have showed how epigenetic changes induce lifelong consequences in offspring exposed to unhealthy maternal nutrition and lifestyle, obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus gdm 16 19.
Maternal highfat diet associated with altered gene. Maternal dietary factors link epigenetics and microbiome to obesity in the offspring. This demonstrated how exposure to a highfat diet during pregnancy results in epigenetic modifications that cause the overproduction of glucose in the liver, which could lead to type 2 diabetes. Adverse maternal conditions, including level and type of nutrition, affect placental function and directly or indirectly program the fetus via epigenetic modifications in the placenta and fetus.
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